trazodone good
@article{wichniak2015low, title={Low risk for switch to mania during treatment with sleep promoting antidepressants}, author={Wichniak, A and Jarkiewicz, M and Wierzbicka, A and Holka-Pokorska, J and Rybakowski, JK and others}, journal={Pharmacopsychiatry}, volume={25}, number={03}, pages={83--88}, year={2015}, publisher={{\copyright} Georg Thieme Verlag KG} } https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21870714/
SSRI bad
Rashmi Patel, Peter Reiss, Hitesh Shetty, Matthew Broadbent, Robert Stewart, Philip McGuire, Matthew Taylor. Do antidepressants increase the risk of mania and bipolar disorder in people with depression? A retrospective electronic case register cohort study: Table 1. BMJ Open, 2015; 5 (12): e008341 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-008341
gender diffrenced
Most studies, but not all, report an almost equal gender ratio in the prevalence of bipolar disorder but the majority of studies do report an increased risk in women of bipolar II/hypomania, rapid cycling and mixed episodes.
No consistent gender differences have been found in a number of variables including rates of depressive episodes, age and polarity of onset, symptoms, severity of the illness, response to treatment and suicidal behaviour. Unsurprisingly, however, perhaps the major distinction between men and women with bipolar disorder is the impact that reproductive life events, particularly childbirth, have on women with this diagnosis.
Important gender distinctions are also found in patterns of co-morbidity.
Finally, the three risk factors identified by Model 5 provide a negative predictive value of 0.96 but a positive predictive value of 0.25 only, thus they are useful only to exclude the risk of switch.
Limitations: Limitations of the present study should be mentioned. Firstly, switch from depression to mania was not directly reported in the CMF form thus it was derived from clinical status changes during follow-up. The CMF clinical status was based on several clinical evaluations of depressive and manic symptoms that were tested for being switch risk factors. In other words, no independent in- struments were used to assess the diagnosis of depression (that was used to build the dependent variable) and some of the clinical characteristics that were used as independent variables. Secondly, some possible stratification factors could have biased our results. In particular, the effect of drug doses and drug combinations was not included, as well as different bipolar spectrum diagnoses. Anyway, other studies focusing on the phenomenon of switch considered the diagnosis of manic/mixed episode as the inclusion criteria rather than a definite type of bipolar spectrum disorder (Vieta et al., 2009).
@article{diflorio2010sex,
title={Is sex important? Gender differences in bipolar disorder},
author={Diflorio, Arianna and Jones, Ian},
journal={International review of psychiatry},
volume={22},
number={5},
pages={437--452},
year={2010},
publisher={Taylor \& Francis}
}Swith Prediction
@article{niitsu2015predictors,
title={Predictors of switch from depression to mania in bipolar disorder},
author={Niitsu, Tomihisa and Fabbri, Chiara and Serretti, Alessandro},
journal={Journal of psychiatric research},
volume={66},
pages={45--53},
year={2015},
publisher={Elsevier}
}ipolar disorder (BD) is a chronic disease characterized by the alternation of periods of (hypo)mania and depression, resulting in high personal and socio-economic burden in terms of poor quality of life, increased rates of suicide, direct and indirect costs (Ferrari et al., 2012; Conus et al., 2013; Fagiolini et al., 2013; Kleine-Budde et al., 2013; Whiteford et al., 2013). The course of BD is highly variable, thus the identification of individuals at higher risk of experiencing a more severe course has relevant implications for both patients and public health care. Switch from depression to (hypo)mania or mixed status is a critical issue since its high impact on disease severity. Indeed, pa- tients with one or more episodes of switch have longer periods of illness lifetime and higher risk of suicide; further, they experience more comorbidities (e.g. substance abuse) (Maj et al., 2002; MacKinnon et al., 2003a, 2003b, 2005). Thus, the identification of switch risk factors represents a pivotal issue in order to prevent this detrimental event and improve BD prognosis. Previous studies investigated antidepressant (AD)-related switch in patients with BD, and they suggested a number of risk factors (see Supplementary Table S1 for a summary). On the basis of the results observed in the largest samples, the most replicated risk factors were previous history of switch or rapid cycling, younger onset age, and BD I diagnosis (Serretti et al., 2003; Perlis et al., 2010; Valenti et al., 2012). One of these studies was performed on the System- atic Treatment Enhancement Program for Bipolar Disorder (STEP- BD) sample and it reported several associations between switch and baseline clinical-demographic features (greater number of past depressive episodes, recent or lifetime rapid cycling, alcohol use disorder, previous suicide attempt, past history of AD-emergent switch, and greater manic symptom severity) (Perlis et al., 2010). Some of these risk factors were dependent from AD exposure (younger onset age in patients not treated with ADs; previous suicide attempt and BD type I diagnosis in AD-exposed patients).
Previous studies were mainly focused on the risk of switch during AD treatment (Supplementary Table S1), but some patients with BD experience switch even in the absence of AD treatment. Indeed, some randomized controlled trials (RCTs) suggested that a mood stabilizer plus adjunctive AD therapy, compared with a mood stabilizer plus a placebo or mood stabilizer monotherapy, showed no association with higher risk of AD-emergent affective switch (Keck et al., 2005; Sachs et al., 2007). The first of these RCTs (Sachs et al., 2007) was carried out on a subsample of the STEP-BD study and its results could have been biased due to the intervention of clinicians in the process of randomization (tendency to avoid the randomization of patients at higher risk of switch). Despite the risk of inclusion bias deriving from this type of study design, several neurobiological mechanisms support the risk of spontaneous switch (Salvadore et al., 2010), thus risk factors of switch should not be investigated only in relation to concomitant AD treatment.
Previous studies focused on the risk of AD-induced mood switch suggested that tricyclic ADs (Boerlin et al., 1998; Bottlender et al., 2001; Nemeroff et al., 2001; Bottlender et al., 2004), monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) (Boerlin et al., 1998) and venlafaxine (Leverich et al., 2006; Post et al., 2006) may be associated with higher risk than SSRIs or bupropion.
Bupropion
Bupropion is a norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor (NDRI).[12]
Bupropion has several features that distinguish it from other antidepressants: for instance, unlike the majority of antidepressants, it does not usually cause sexual dysfunction.[26] Bupropion treatment also is not associated with the sleepiness or weight gain that may be produced by other antidepressants.[27] In depressed people who experience symptoms of sleepiness and fatigue, bupropion has been found to be more effective than selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) in alleviating these symptoms.[28] There appears to be a modest advantage for the SSRIs over bupropion in the treatment of anxious depression.[29]
%12
@book{dwoskin2014emerging,
title={Emerging Targets and Therapeutics in the Treatment of Psychostimulant Abuse},
author={Dwoskin, Linda P},
year={2014},
publisher={Academic Press}
}
%26
@article{clayton2003antidepressant,
title={Antidepressant-associated sexual dysfunction: a potentially avoidable therapeutic challenge},
author={Clayton, AH},
journal={Primary Psychiatry},
volume={10},
number={1},
pages={55--61},
year={2003},
publisher={MBL COMMUNICATIONS}
}
%27
@article{dhillon2008bupropion,
title={Bupropion},
author={Dhillon, Sohita and Yang, Lily PH and Curran, Monique P},
journal={Drugs},
volume={68},
number={5},
pages={653--689},
year={2008},
publisher={Springer}
}
%28
@article{baldwin2006symptoms,
title={Symptoms of fatigue and sleepiness in major depressive disorder.},
author={Baldwin, David S and Papakostas, George I},
journal={The Journal of clinical psychiatry},
volume={67},
pages={9--15},
year={2006}
}
%29
@article{papakostas2008efficacy,
title={Efficacy of bupropion and the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in the treatment of major depressive disorder with high levels of anxiety (anxious depression): a pooled analysis of 10 studies.},
author={Papakostas, George I and Stahl, Stephen M and Krishen, Alok and Seifert, Cheryl A and Tucker, Vivian L and Goodale, Elizabeth P and Fava, Maurizio},
journal={Journal of Clinical Psychiatry},
volume={69},
number={8},
pages={1287--1292},
year={2008},
publisher={[Memphis, Tenn., Physicians Postgraduate Press]}
}escitalopram
selected serotonin reuptake inhibitor SSRI
venlafaxine
serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI)
trazodone
It is a phenylpiperazine compound of the serotonin antagonist and reuptake inhibitor (SARI) class.[15][16]
%15
@book{stahl2008depression,
title={Depression and bipolar disorder: Stahl's essential psychopharmacology},
author={Stahl, Stephen M},
year={2008},
publisher={Cambridge University Press}
}
%16
@book{lemke2012foye,
title={Foye's principles of medicinal chemistry},
author={Lemke, Thomas L and Williams, David A},
year={2012},
publisher={Lippincott Williams \& Wilkins}
}